The Post Tuberculosis Lung Disorders Working Group conducts research, investigates strategies and raises awareness amongst healthcare workers and policy makers on post TB lung health.

Goal: To serve as a community of practice for investigators, program managers, and advocacy groups who are working to improve TB prevention, detection, and treatment for women and children by integrating TB and TB/HIV services in maternal and child health settings

Objective: To share information about promising practices and experiences with country implementation; disseminate informational, educational, and communications resources; advocate for increased attention to the needs of women and their children with TB and TB/HIV; and close critical research and practice gaps in this field

Current Activities: 

• Continued advocacy around inclusion of Maternal TB notifications in the Global TB Report
• Advocacy including raising awareness about maternal/infant TB among TB and non-TB-focused fora and conferences
• Advocating for maternal/infant variables in the drug-resistant TB individual patient database
• Continue working on Cochrane Review TB Symptom Screen in Pregnancy
• Hosted a meeting to develop a TB and Pregnancy Guide in 2022

Recent Maternal and Child Tuberculosis achievements: 

Inclusion of Maternal TB Notifications in the Global TB Report. We sent a detailed motivation to the WHO GTB. Their response was generally favorable, but WHO GTB concerns about workload for individual countries and the lack of electronic based systems in many high-burden countries. Therefore notifications in pregnant and postpartum women were not included in the 2021 Global TB report.

We surveyed 5 countries with case-based electronic systems for their ability and desire to collect data around maternal TB. Four of five countries (Brazil, Lesotho, South Africa and Zimbabwe) responded to the survey. All four countries agree with the importance of collecting these data. However, in 3 of 4 countries, current systems would not allow easy collection and reporting of these data at this time, though they did indicate a desire to update their systems. 

STAG: We continued to advocate for a maternal TB representative appointed to the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Tuberculosis (STAG-TB). This year, the focus of the STAG meeting has been on COVID-19 and TB. We will continue to work on advocating for a Maternal/Infant representative in 2022. 

Research

Continued Work on a Pregnancy Registry: The US FDA attempted to establish a CURE Drug Repurposing Collaboratory (CDRC) to make a “Pregnancy Treatment Repository” publicly available. Due to insurmountable logistical challenges, this is no longer being pursued. The DR-TB individual patient dataset (IPD) is now being hosted at and curated by UCL, in collaboration with WHO GTB. We are exploring opportunities to add pregnancy and infant variables as well as how to link maternal and infant data. Initial discussions were favourable. 

Cochrane Review: TB Symptom Screen in Pregnancy: Protocol published; Final analysis and manuscript pending (COVID-delayed)

Advocacy

• Raising awareness among TB and non-TB-focused fora and conferences
• CROI 2021: Pregnancy, HIV, and Tuberculosis: Current Practices and Research Opportunities
• US National TB Controller Conference: Tuberculosis in Pregnancy 
• TB and Pregnancy Guide: A group was established and partners were chosen. We aim to develop a collaboration of researchers, clinicians, patients and advocates to develop a Tuberculosis in Pregnancy Field Guide. This field guide will share evidence and best practices for preventing, diagnosing and treating DS and DR-TB among pregnant and postpartum women and their infants with a focus on low-resource settings. Work to develop the Guide will begin in 2022. 
• Advocated for a Maternal & Neonatal TB Representative in the core team of the child and adolescent TB working group (hosted by the Stop TB Partnership). Marian Loveday, one of our working group members, was added to the group. 

This working group focuses on chronic respiratory problems, across the life course with the goal of advocating for challenge-focused research that is inclusive, equitable and strengthens links between researchers, communities and policymakers.

Completed activities/ contributions/publications:

· GOLD International COLD Conference, United Kingdom & Africa Satellite Program

8th January 2022: Equitable access to affordable quality-assured pharmacological approaches to COPD care.

· The Availability, Cost and Affordability of Essential Medicine for Asthma and COPD in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Stolbrink M, Thomson H, Hadfield R.M, Ozoh O.B, Nantanda R, Jayasooriya S, Allwood B.W, Halpin D, Salvi S, Montes de Oca M, Mortimer K and Rylance S. Lancet Global Health 2022

· Multi-action virtual stakeholder meeting: Action Plan Formulation, The Union hosted.

Improving access to affordable quality-assured inhaled medicines in low- and middle- income countries. Stolbrink M, Chinouya M, Jayasooriya S, Nightingale R, Evans-Hill L, Allan K, Allen H, Balen J, Beacon T, Bissell K, Chakaya J, Chen-Yuan C, Cohen M, Devereux G, El Sony A, Halpin D, Hurst J, Kiprop C, Lawson A, Macé C, Makhanu A, Makokha P, Masekela R, Meme H, Khoo E, Nantanda R, Pasternak S, Perrin C, Reddel H, Rylance S, Schweikert P, Were C, Williams S, Winders T, Yorgancioglu A, Marks G, Mortimer K. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4107776

· Patients with presumed tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa that are not diagnosed with tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jayasooriya S, Dimambro-Denson, Beecroft C, Balen J, Awokola B, Mitchell C, Campbell F, Dodd P, Mortimer K. Thorax 24th January 2022. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217663

Future activities:

· Qualitative study: Barriers and facilitators to implementation and uptake of inhaled medicines for the treatment of chronic respiratory symptoms in The Gambia. Data collection in progress. Formulation of future patient and public engagement group.

· Coordination of IJTLD ‘Clinical Standards on asthma management in Low/Middle Income Countries’ Delphi process.

· Patients with presumed tuberculosis not diagnosed as tuberculosis: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO CRD42022301016. In progress

· Systematic review - Prevalence of bronchiectasis in Africa In progress

· Kenyan Medical Research Institute – Non communicable disease in Kenya: Burden, early life determinants and interdisciplinary participatory solutions. Data analysis ongoing

· Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) in Nairobi and its neighbouring counties. In progress

Overall Goal

To establish a child pneumonia hub within the Union that has an overall theme of capacity building and two sub-themes of advocacy and implementation research.

Background

Each year pneumonia kills more children less than five years of age than any other infectious disease (1). The most recent data estimate that 800,000 children died from pneumonia in 2017 (2). The vast majority of these deaths, at least 80%, occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and were concentrated within the sub-Saharan African and South Asian regions (2). Although notable progress has been made over the past two decades in reducing overall child mortality, reductions in child pneumonia mortality have lagged (1). Despite the substantial disease burden and relatively slow progress in reducing global child mortality from pneumonia, policy makers, program managers, implementation partners, healthcare providers, and researchers have low awareness of child pneumonia and the challenges in reducing the disease burden. Accelerating improvements in health outcomes for children with pneumonia will require a well-coordinated, multi-disciplinary effort.

For the last two years, the world’s attention has focused on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral pandemic, further reducing the already limited visibility and prioritization of child pneumonia (3). Nevertheless, the pandemic presents key, time-sensitive opportunities to improve child pneumonia outcomes in LMICs. The importance of oxygen as a mainstay of treatment for severe COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has exposed well-known respiratory care weaknesses in LMIC pulse oximeter access and oxygen supply to a more general audience for the first time (4). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, oxygen ecosystem weaknesses mainly affected children with pneumonia (5, 6). This broader awareness and investment in LMIC oxygen ecosystems may be a positive pandemic legacy; however, history shows that without strong advocacy few of these resources will be reallocated in a way that reaches children.

The Union’s expertise and longstanding activism for tuberculosis and other respiratory health issues pertinent to LMICs uniquely positions the organization to fill this time-sensitive, critical child pneumonia advocacy gap. To date, the Union has yet to incorporate child pneumonia as an area of focus despite the clear need and the organization’s expertise and platform. Both the importance of pneumonia issues to children across LMICs and the potential for the Union to serve as a multi-disciplinary child pneumonia hub for donors, policy makers, program managers, implementation partners, healthcare providers, and researchers form the basis of this working group proposal.

Capacity building: child pneumonia advocacy

Rationale: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented focus and mobilization of resources to strengthen previously neglected respiratory health systems in LMICs including oxygen ecosystems, emergency and critical care, and infection prevention efforts such as vaccination. Given that severe COVID-19 has to date primarily impacted adults, these resources have unfortunately had little or no impact on the care of infants and children with pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses, despite these conditions being the leading infectious cause of death for children globally.

Aim: Establish a child pneumonia advocacy hub focused on ensuring that existing COVID-19 initiatives like expanded access to pulse oximeters, increased availability of oxygen delivery systems, and efforts to strengthen emergency and critical care services also benefit infants and children with pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses in LMICs.

Partners: The working group would seek to target members and non-members to be partners in this advocacy effort. Working group members would include child health advocates, policy makers, health care planners, implementers, researchers, paediatric health care providers, and community members from high-burden countries. Potential key partners include the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Every Breath Counts Coalition.

Capacity building: child pneumonia implementation research in LMICs

Rationale: Although pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death among children under five years of age globally, and nearly all paediatric deaths attributed to pneumonia occur in LMICs, there is a paucity of funding to support child pneumonia research in LMICs and to support the development of local scientific capacity for child pneumonia research.

Aim: Establish child pneumonia implementation research hub focused on supporting the development of local scientific capacity for conducting child pneumonia implementation research in LMICs.

Partners: The working group would seek to engage partners like WHO, Every Breath Counts Coalition, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and others, to support the development of this effort.

References

1. Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Chu Y, Perin J, Zhu J, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet 2016;388:3027-35.

2. Global Burden of Disease. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20:60-79.

3. Ahmed S, Mvalo T, Akech S, Agweyu A, Baker K, Bar-Zeev N, et al. Protecting children in low-income and middle-income countries from COVID-19. BMJ Glob Health 2020;5:e002844.

4. Navuluri N, Srour ML, Kussin PS, Murdoch DM, MacIntyre NR, Que LG, et al. Oxygen delivery systems for adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. J Glob Health 2021;11:04018.

5. Graham HR, Bakare AA, Gray A, Ayede AI, Qazi S, McPake B, et al. Adoption of paediatric and neonatal pulse oximetry by 12 hospitals in Nigeria: a mixed-methods realist evaluation. BMJ Glob Health 2018;3:e000812.

6. McCollum ED, Bjornstad E, Preidis GA, Hosseinipour MC, Lufesi N. Multicenter study of hypoxemia prevalence and quality of oxygen treatment for hospitalized Malawian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013;107:285-92.

The MPOWER Research Group on Tobacco Control was formed in the year 2017 with a goal to scale-up global tobacco control research for feeding into policies at regional/country level. The group was set up with the felt need of systematically mapping, identifying and prioritizing research (in terms of national priority) needed to implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and MPOWER in LMICs. The group is working on identifying key gaps and challenges in research focusing upon emergence of newer tobacco and nicotine products; tobacco industry interference; smokeless tobacco products; tobacco free generation; undertaking inter-disciplinary, multi-country research; integration of tobacco control with various programs and policies; and write position papers to address the attention of policy makers for marching towards a tobacco free future.

Recent MPOWER achievements: 

The working group has generated 7 case studies on industry interference in different domains of tobacco control policy implementation in India.(viewable HERE)

Second, working group has published a position paper in the Indian Journal of Tuberculosis on ‘Fuelling the tuberculosis epidemic: The role of tobacco control in ending the TB emergency’.

A Special issue on Tobacco Control was published in Indian Journal of Tuberculosis (IJT) in 2021 that had a collection of manuscripts covering wide range of topics pertaining to tobacco control. (viewable HERE) 

A supplement issue covering the proceedings & scientific abstracts from the National Conference on Tobacco or Health, held in 2021 in India was published in the Indian Journal of Cancer 

Pilot projects on tobacco cessation are being implemented in community settings and hospital settings to strengthen the ‘O’ component of MPOWER.

The TB and Migration working group focuses on tuberculosis among migrants, including epidemiology and risk factors in countries of origin, during transit and after arrival in countries of destination, and during their potential return. The group supports this emerging and under researched field through webinars, symposia, conferences and scientific papers and has a role in informing policy within The Union.

Work includes webinars, symposia, and advocacy - including influencing policy (e.g. drafting statements etc).

Recent TB and Migration achievements: 

• Union statement on TB and migration during COVID
• A significant presence in Union conferences, including another symposium this year on TB and forced migration
• A TB and Migration website

The TB Infection Control working group is focused on the monitoring and evaluation of tuberculosis infection controls in health facilities and health systems.

The Global Indigenous Stop TB Initiative (GISI) Working Group of The Union has operated for over 15 years as a networking space for researchers, care practitioners, and advocates, to network and share our activities globally. To achieve our objective of increasing Indigenous Peoples’ involvement in and control over TB policy and programming, we began learning from the International Indigenous HIV & AIDS Community (IIHAC; https://iihac.org/). IIHAC is an Indigenous-owned organization incubated through Communities Alliances and Networks (CAAN; https://caan.ca/). In the last 4 years, GISI has been working with Trevor Stratton, a leader in CAAN and IIHAC, to learn about IIHAC’s history, development, and work and how they might inform GISI’s work in TB among Indigenous Peoples globally.

Achievements 

To this end, an informal understanding started developing between CAAN and GISI, with a Venn diagram drawn to delineate areas of respective responsibility. Rather than attempt to make a formal Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the organizations, an Indigenous version on an MoU was proposed by Trevor Stratton, whereby the Chair of GISI, Dr. C. Andrew Basham, was invited to attend the 9th International Indigenous Pre-Conference on HIV & AIDS on July 26-28th, held in Montreal, Canada, preceding AIDS 2022 (the International AIDS Society’s main conference), July 29th-August 2nd 2022, also in Montreal.

On July 29th, 2022, a blanket ceremony was held between CAAN and GISI to develop an understanding of each other and create a relationship. This ceremony followed Indigenous protocols for gift-giving and story sharing to form an understanding of each other. In this ceremony, members of GISI and CAAN spoke about their backgrounds, their work, and their hopes for the relationship being formed. Dr. Basham was presented with a buffalo blanket and medicine bundle, after offering tobacco to CAAN Knowledge Keepers, along with two Harvard University mugs (representing something from his world). After receiving the blanket, Andrew made a short speech about finding and sharing the truth together to improve TB prevention, diagnosis, and care with Indigenous Peoples. This ceremony was concluded with a traditional song after a teaching by Dr. Albert McCleod, Elder-in-Residence at CAAN, who has been an HIV/AIDS activist since 1987.

CAAN held a webinar on March 31, 2022 about the lived experiences of Indigenous Peoples affected by TB in Canada that was moderated by Trevor Stratton and is available here and includes some discussion of the developing relationship between CAAN and GISI as well: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWSyeHhu4yg

Buffalo Blanket Ceremony: Communities, Alliances, and Networks (CAAN) with Global Indigenous Stop TB Initiative

(L-R: Trevor Stratton, C. Andrew Basham, Margaret Kisikaw-Piyesis. Photo by Stephen John)

The goal of the TB and Mental Health working group is to establish a community of practitioners and researchers to advance attention to mental illnesses and substance abuse in the context of tuberculosis care and control. Mental illnesses, such as depression and PTSD, and substance use disorders, such as alcohol and opioid dependence, are strongly associated with tuberculosis; populations affected by mental health disorders are typically vulnerable and at higher risk for tuberculosis infection, and individuals with tuberculosis often suffer from these disorders, complicating and undermining care and resulting in poor treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, formal attention to mental health is lacking in most tuberculosis control programs.

The Drug Resistant Tuberculosis working group goal is to gather and share information to help accelerate scale-up of evidence-based DR-TB policy and practice.

The working group surveys members at regular intervals to get a good picture of how MDR-TB treatment rollout is progressing in the various regions. In addition, the group has recently been focusing on the availability of susceptibility testing for the new and repurposed second-ling drugs. In addition, the group in collaboration with RESIST-TB, provides webinars and a newsletter focusing on new developments and publications on DR-TB.

Recent Drug-Resistant TB group achievements: 

An article describing the results of our most recent survey “Global availability of susceptibility testing for second-line anti-tuberculosis agents” is in press in the IJTLD. Plans to link with rGLC through webinars, compilation of Key PMDTs related materials and dissemination

The TB and Ethics working group aims to encourage broader engagement with ethical issues in tuberculosis research and practice. The group promotes reflective and practical consideration of ethical issues within the TB community, particularly through Union conferences, development of educational case studies and other materials and peer-reviewed publication.

This working group aimed to enhance capacity for TB education and training and to improve quality of and access to TB education and training resources.

This working group was formed to set up a community of practice in tuberculosis multimorbidity, aiming to develop and promote a strategic research, awareness, advocacy and policy agenda and initiatives on physical and mental multimorbidity in tuberculosis care. 

TB-Multimorbidity (TBMM) Working Group was formed to set up a community of practice in tuberculosis-multimorbidity aiming to develop and promote strategic research, awareness, advocacy and policy agenda and initiatives on physical and mental multimorbidity in Tuberculosis care. TB-MM Working Group will assemble researchers, practitioners and professionals to collaboratively focus on the advancement of implementation and operational research and practice, pertinent to addressing multimorbidity in tuberculosis. People diagnosed/cured with tuberculosis and comorbid conditions and their caretakers, being the most significant stakeholders, will also be included in the community of practice. 

The objectives of this working group are:

1. To create and sustain a platform to pursue improvement in prevention, recognition and management of multimorbid physical and mental conditions in TB, through discourse and exchange of ideas, experiences and proposals, promotion of awareness and dissemination of the best practices and evidence.

2. To support and enhance the scope of collaborative research in TB multimorbidity through the formulation of an international research team and development of demonstration research project proposal/s for intervention/s for timely recognition and management of coexistent Non-Communicable Diseases in TB services and identification of pertinent funding sources.

3. To enhance the research capacity of early and middle career researchers in the area of TB multimorbidity to support them as potential research leaders, and to contribute to the operational research training initiative of the Union. 

The key members of the group are Professor Kamran Siddiqi (University of York, UK), Dr Lloyd Friedman (Yale University School of Medicine USA) and Dr Alexander Jarde (Cochrane, France) in addition to many esteemed UNION members of this group.

The TB Undernutrition working group was established to highlight the importance of undernutrition as a risk factor for TB disease by engaging key stakeholders, providing critical analysis of bottlenecks to addressing this modifiable risk factor, and by helping identify innovative, strategic, and tailored responses to the delivery and scale-up of collaborative TB/undernutrition activities.

According to the Global Tuberculosis report 2021, Undernutrition is the leading risk factor for TB with a population attributable fraction of 19% which is higher than human-immunodeficiency virus (7.6%) and diabetes (3.1%). Being undernourished is associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes and mortality. Lastly, undernutrition is comorbid with other key TB risk factors including HIV and alcohol use and has implications for sustainable development goal 2 (zero hunger) and is, as such, a cross-cutting issue. 

To propel action on nutrition in the context of TB, the working group plans to do the following: 

• Highlight importance of nutrition in the TB pandemic  
• Identify knowledge gaps, research priorities, and advocacy tools 
• Develop content on undernutrition-TB for the Union’s website 
• Engage stakeholders  
• Organize two annual webinars

(Click to enlarge the above report)

Globally, people deprived of liberty (PDL) have extremely high rates of tuberculosis, often more than 10 times greater than the general population.1,2 Overcrowding, poor ventilation, limited access to healthcare resources, substance abuse and undernutrition are all risk factors that disproportionately affect PDL.3–6 At the same time, this population remains frequently neglected by Ministries of Health and Justice and in global TB prevention and care strategies. There is a critical need to increase attention and resources towards addressing the crisis of tuberculosis among PDL.7

The TB in Prisons Working Group seeks to engage practitioners, researchers, policy makers and advocates in raising awareness about tuberculosis among PDL and identifying and sharing best practices and guidance to improve care and prevention of TB in prisons. The Working Group will engage Union members in structured interactions to share experience and expertise on tuberculosis in prisons, to identify knowledge gaps and key areas for research, to build collaborations and consortia for research and implementation, and to create literature including reviews, perspectives, best practices documents and implementation guidance for areas where WHO guidelines are lacking. A major overarching goal of this Working Group will be to build a community of researchers and practitioners engaged in TB care and prevention in prisons to facilitate knowledge exchange and organize more effective, collaborative research and advocacy.

Objectives, by year:

2023: Hold a series of virtual meetings with rotating presenters on key themes in tuberculosis in prisons; hold in person meeting at Union World TB Conference

2024: Produce and distribute advocacy materials; continue regular virtual Working Group meetings; hold TB seminar and in person meeting at Union World TB conference;

2025: Finalize and distribute consensus statements on research priorities and TB care and prevention approaches in prisons; hold TB seminar and in person meeting at Union World TB conference

Activities:

1. Establish a collaborative working group
2. Hold a series of virtual meetings with rotating presenters from the working to share about their work and challenges of TB care and prevention in prisons in their country/community.
3. Invite leaders from Ministries of Health and Justice to meetings to share experiences about TB care and prevention in prisons and learn from others about challenges and effective strategies for improvement.
4. Hold an annual working group meeting at the Union World TB conference
5. Propose a TB in prisons seminar, with talks by various working group members and experts, at the Union World TB conference
6. Develop an advocacy strategy to improve care and prevention of TB in prisons
7. The working group will schedule meetings with TB and criminal justice advocates and policy experts to learn about effective advocacy for TB in prisons.
8. The working group will develop a strategy for focusing awareness and advocacy efforts, identifying key stakeholders to engage for policy advocacy.
9. The working group will produce advocacy materials (e.g. fact sheets, images, etc), translated into languages spoken in high TB burden countries, to distribute to stakeholders and via social media
10. Produce consensus recommendations for TB care and prevention in prisons
11. There remains a lack of specific international guidance on several key issues pertaining to TB in prisons, for example: 1) specific screening strategies; 2) use of preventive therapy; 3) transitional care at release.
12. For topics in which there are evidence and/or successful experiences among the working group, we will write guidance and best practices documents. We will publish these as Viewpoint or Perspective pieces and create summaries that can be used to inform country-level TB strategies.
13. We will seek meetings with key stakeholders including regional (WHO regional offices / PAHO) and national (Ministries of Health) leaders to share these documents and advocate for increased investments in care and prevention in prisons
14. Identify key research priorities for TB in prisons
15. The working group will identify and prioritize key scientific questions that need to be answered to improve TB prevention and care in prisons.
16. These knowledge gaps and research questions will be summarized in a consensus statement and shared publicly to stimulate research
17. We will encourage working group members to form research consortia and apply for join funding to do multicountry studies focused on TB care and prevention in prisons.
18. We will also engage with modelers (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium) and other researchers and funders to stimulate interest in TB research in prisons.

We will invite working group members to participate in all of the activities above, including giving presentations virtually and at Union meetings, writing or providing feedback on advocacy documents, fact sheets and consensus statements, and participating in meetings with stakeholders. We will also seek to engage practitioners, clinicians, researchers and implementers who are not currently part of the Union to join the Union and play a role in the Working Group.

End deliverables:

• December, 2023 – Hold at least three virtual meetings and an in person meeting at Union World Conference to shape detailed agenda for the Working Group
• March, 2024 - Complete fact sheet and advocacy materials, distribute on World TB Day
• December, 2024 – Seminar and annual meeting at Union World Conference; Release advocacy strategy and updated materials
• December, 2025 – Release consensus paper on research priorities; consensus paper on TB care and prevention in prisons; Seminar and annual meeting at Union World Conference

Time frame & proposed date of completion:

References:

1.       Cords O, Martinez L, Warren JL, O’Marr JM, Walter KS, Cohen T, Zheng J, Ko AI, Croda J, Andrews JR. Incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in incarcerated populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(5):e300-e308. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00025-6

2.       Baussano I, Williams BG, Nunn P, Beggiato M, Fedeli U, Scano F. Tuberculosis Incidence in Prisons: A Systematic Review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(12):e1000381. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000381

3.       Dara M, Chorgoliani D, de Colombani P. TB Prevention and Control Care in Prisons. World Health Organization - Regional Office, Europe https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/prisons-and-health/report-by-chapters/chapter-8.-tb-prevention-and-control-care-in-prisons

4.       Hatwiinda S, Topp SM, Siyambango M, Harris JB, Maggard KR, Chileshe C, Kapata N, Reid SE, Henostroza G. Poor continuity of care for TB diagnosis and treatment in Zambian Prisons: a situation analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2018;23(2):243-250. doi:10.1111/tmi.13024

5.       Pelissari DM, Saita NM, Monroe AA, Diaz-Quijano FA. Environmental factors associated with the time to tuberculosis diagnosis in prisoners in São Paulo, Brazil. Am J Infect Control. Published online May 27, 2022:S0196-6553(22)00441-2. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2022.05.015

6.       Henostroza G, Topp SM, Hatwiinda S, Maggard KR, Phiri W, Harris JB, Krüüner A, Kapata N, Ayles H, Chileshe C, Reid SE. The high burden of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a large Zambian prison: a public health alert. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e67338. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067338

7.       Walter KS, Martinez L, Arakaki-Sanchez D, Sequera VG, Estigarribia Sanabria G, Cohen T, Ko AI, García-Basteiro AL, Rueda ZV, López-Olarte RA, Espinal MA, Croda J, Andrews JR. The escalating tuberculosis crisis in central and South American prisons. Lancet. 2021;397(10284):1591-1596. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32578-

Gender is one of the most important social determinants of health and should be a critical component of strategies to end the highly gendered global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. Gender-responsive approaches that address cultural, structural, social, and individual determinants are essential to accelerate progress toward global targets to reduce TB morbidity and mortality.

The Gender Equity in TB working group was established in 2022 to mobilise knowledge on the role of gender in TB for awareness and action in TB prevention and care through evidence-informed policy and practice.

The objectives of this working group are:

• To establish an inclusive community of stakeholders including researchers, practitioners, policy makers, civil society, TB-affected communities and their coalitions

• To create an online network for working group members to share evidence on gender in TB burden, prevention, and care and guidelines and strategies for addressing gender disparities and improving gender equity in TB prevention and care

• To identify evidence and policy gaps, outline research priorities, and provide recommendations for change towards a gender-transformative response to TB

The working group has advocated for recognition of gender as a social determinant of TB ahead of the United Nations High Level Meeting on Tuberculosis and contributed to the Stop TB Partnership’s “The Accountability Report of TB-affected Communities & Civil Society: Priorities to Close the Deadly Divide”. The group has also hosted a series of symposia and webinars:

• “Enabling gender equity in TB: gender-sensitive solutions in TB policy and programme” at the 2022 Union World Conference on Lung Health

• “Multisectoral engagement to improve gender equity in TB and to ensure no one is left behind” on International Men’s Day 2022 co-hosted with the WHO Global TB Programme

• “Community, right and gender: Meaningful engagement with African-centred masculinities to end TB” co-hosted with The LIGHT Consortium and SSHIFTB

• “Raising the ambition for a gender-transformative response to tuberculosis for improving health, social and economic outcomes” at the 2023 Union World Conference on Lung Health

The group is currently co-chaired by:

Katherine Horton (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK)

Kerry Millington (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK)

and working closely with:

Amrita Daftary (York University, Canada)

Jeremiah Chikovore (Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa)

Joseph Daniels (Arizona State University, USA)

Maurine Murenga (TB Women Global, Kenya)

Andrew Medina-Marino (Desmond Tutu Health Foundation, South Africa)

and our group members.

Please contact us at genderequityintb@gmail.com

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This working group aimed to enhance capacity for TB education and training and to improve quality of and access to TB education and training resources.